Thinking Without Words provides a challenging new theory of the nature of non-linguistic thought. Jose Luis Bermudez offers a conceptual framework for treating human infants and non-human animals as genuine thinkers. The book is written with an interdisciplinary readership in mind and will appeal to philosophers, psychologists, and students of animal behavior.

El comentario se concentra en la práctica del voto como mecanismo de decisión y en las estrategias de disolución de las fuerzas antidemocráticas. El que las prácticas efectivas en ambos casos no difieran parece redundar en un déficit para el deliberacionismo, el cual, a diferencia del agonismo, no puede justificar claramente dichas prácticas. A su vez, se detiene en las diferencias epistemológicas que ambas posiciones presentan. The discussion concentrates on two aspects: the practice of voting as a decision mechanism and (...) the strategies for the dissolution of the anti-democratic forces. The fact that effective practices in both cases do not differ leads to a deficit for deliberationism, which, unlike agonism, seems to not be able to clearly justify such practices from its theoretical position. The discussion also pays attention to the differences between the epistemological assumptions that sustain both positions. (shrink)

Ao percorrermos as páginas das histórias da educação e da pedagogia não podemos ficar surpreendidos ao verificar que não existe nelas lugar para Spinoza. O que neste breve ensaio se vai tentar descobrir é que a questão pedagógica em geral e a do ensino da filosofia não são tratadas com desprezo pelo pensador de Amsterdão, nem em relação a elas existem sinais de indiferença. Pretende-se mostrar de que modo algumas atitudes do filósofo juntamente com tópicos do seu pensamento servem para (...) explicar a ausência de efetiva preocupação com a temática pedagógica. No entanto, o sistema espinosano encerra princípios pedagógicos de primordial relevância para o processo educativo. (shrink)

Direct realism in one form or another is gaining traction as an approach to perception. With the hope of bolstering such positions, we offer a framework upon which to base an argument for direct realism in matters of perception. Better yet, we offer an empirically supported framework. The framework on offer is that of ecological psychology. With the framework in place, we then discuss how it can address visual illusions, one of the major challenges facing proponents of direct realism.

The first part of this study offers a synoptic overview of Alfonso de la Torre’s selective engagement with Maimonidean philosophy in the first part of his Visión Deleitable. Our analysis is complemented with some comparative notes on the reception of Maimonides’s thought in late medieval Spain. Visión Deleitabl e’s fate will be examined in comparison to two other 15th century works of Jewish or converso authorship that also broached the Guide for the Perplexed for the benefit of Christian readers: the (...) Old Spanish translation of Maimonides’s Guide by Pedro de Toledo and Moshe Arragel’s commentary on his Bible translation for the Christian Master of Calatrava, don Luis de Guzmán. (shrink)

La cultura procede de la vida y debe fomentar la vida. No basta el conocimiento científico intelectualizado, sino un saber humanístico. Nietzsche prefiere el saber meridional --provenzal-gay saber-- de los trovadores. A veces con sentido trágico, siempre acentuando la dimensión estética. Arte, creación y comunicación.

The ideas here sketched they constitute a theoretical-general, inspired proposal of character, mainly, in the thought philosophical Latin American of such authors as: Paulo will Fry, Juan Carlos Scannone, Enrique Dussel and Alejandro Moreno among others. We consider that the answers around the part..

David Luban identifies a tension between Arendt's conception of ethnic identification in a context of persecution and her conception of humanity. That tension pertains to the reality—or realities—that Arendt addresses: the moral reality of her Bildung that appears throughout her work, and is centered on the “dignity of man,” on the one hand, and the divisive, “political” reality that she was forced to face when “attacked as a Jew,” on the other. By implicitly accepting that in a context of persecution (...) one cannot escape the framing relevance of the “political” —an idea that is also present in her imaginary condemnation speech of Eichmann—Arendt betrays a fundamental theme of her work: “forgiveness” and the inherent possibility of a “new beginning.”. (shrink)

In this novel account of global citizenship, Luis Cabrera argues that all individuals have a global duty to contribute directly to human rights protections and to promote rights-enhancing political integration between states. The Practice of Global Citizenship blends careful moral argument with compelling narratives from field research among unauthorized immigrants, activists seeking to protect their rights, and the 'Minuteman' activists striving to keep them out. Immigrant-rights activists, especially those conducting humanitarian patrols for border-crossers stranded in the brutal Arizona desert, (...) are shown as embodying aspects of global citizenship. Unauthorized immigrants themselves are shown to be enacting a form of global 'civil' disobedience, claiming the economic rights central to the emerging global normative charter while challenging the restrictive membership regimes that are the norm in the current global system. Cabrera also examines the European Union, seeing it as a crucial laboratory for studying the challenges inherent in expanding citizen membership. (shrink)

Recent investigations surprisingly indicate that single RNA "stem-loops" operate solely by chemical laws that act without selective forces, and in contrast, self-ligated consortia of RNA stem-loops operate by biological selection. To understand consortial RNA selection, the concept of single quasi-species and its mutant spectra as drivers of RNA variation and evolution is rethought here. Instead, we evaluate the current RNA world scenario in which consortia of cooperating RNA stem-loops are the basic players. We thus redefine quasispecies as RNA quasispecies consortia (...) and argue that it has essential behavioral motifs that are relevant to the inherent variation, evolution and diversity in biology. We propose that qs-c is an especially innovative force. We apply qs-c thinking to RNA stem-loops and evaluate how it yields altered bulges and loops in the stem-loop regions, not as errors, but as a natural capability to generate diversity. This basic competence-not error-opens a variety of combinatorial possibilities which may alter and create new biological interactions, identities and newly emerged self identity functions. Thus RNA stem-loops typically operate as cooperative modules, like members of social groups. From such qs-c of stem-loop groups we can trace a variety of RNA secondary structures such as ribozymes, viroids, viruses, mobile genetic elements as abundant infection derived agents that provide the stem-loop societies of small and long non-coding RNAs. (shrink)

El artículo pretende preparar el terreno conceptual para el uso correcto de la atribución de libertad. Se defiende en él la importancia de considerar la complementariedad de la libertad de la acción y la libertad de la voluntad, y se aboga a favor de una concepción no metafísica de la adscripción de..

This article tries to show the ambivalence of the hegelian idea of Europe. On the one hand, Hegel has always appeared as too eurocentric, even for his time. But, on the other hand, he´s still a thinker who investigates very deeply the traits of the European identity, of its historical roots and of its formative process.

El objeto de este artículo es doble. Por una parte, examina el uso que Vives hace de la lengua y del lenguaje, y, por otra parte, indica sus aportaciones al campo de la traducción e interpretación. La diversidad temática presente en su obra hace que su persona sea un punto de referencia para diferentes campos científicos, entre ellos la Filología. Para Vives, tanto el acercamiento filológico, como el aprendizaje de la lengua no sólo deben tener en cuenta la lengua desde (...) un punto teórico, sino también sociocultural. Su especial interés por las lenguas le llevó a realizar un considerable esfuerzo filológico haciendo lecturas e introducciones de varios textos clásicos latinos y también griegos, y transmitiendo su opinión acerca de la forma de realizar versiones o interpretaciones. (shrink)

According to Gibson's ecological theory of perception-action, the proper objects of perception are affordances. Affordances are directly perceivable, environmental opportunities for behavior. The current study assessed affordance judgments, and the confidence ratings corresponding to those judgments, of aperture pass-through-ability based on three modes of perceiving. The modes were vision and two blindfolded conditions involving haptic perception via technological aids: A cane and the Enactive Torch (ET). The first hypothesis, that vision would provide judgments of the critical boundary most similar to (...) the actual boundary, was not supported. The second hypothesis, that participants would perform better on pass-through-ability judgments using the ET than when using the cane, was supported. The third hypothesis, that across all three modalities participants’ ratings of confidence in the accuracy of their yes/no judgments would be lowest near the perceptual category boundary, was supported. Results suggest that in terms of making affordance judgments of aperture pass-through-ability, participants were more accurate with the haptic modalities than with vision. Results also suggest that participants were least confident with their more accurate modality, and most confident with their least accurate modality. (shrink)

Se estudian las reacciones de los primeros pensadores cristianos frente a la astrología, los antecedentes clásicos en que se basaron, y el posterior aprovechamiento de los símbolos y arquetipos astrológicos por la filosofía y literatura del humanismo cristiano.

Resumen: En el presente escrito estudiaremos el potencial filosófico de la teoría de las catástrofes de René Thom. Desde el ámbito de la matemática en que surge, esta teoría ha generado una vasta literatura en torno a diversas aplicaciones en otras ramas alejadas de la matemática. El objetivo es explicar los puntos principales de la teoría de acuerdo con la concepción ontológica sobre la que descansa, una ontología del devenir, inmanente y relacional. Presentaremos la teoría de las catástrofes como una (...) herramienta analítica y crítica ofreciendo algún ejemplo de aplicación. (shrink)

Espirales que nos rondan: La llave de la confianzaVivimos con la sensación de estar perdiendo algo muy esencial. No alcanzamos a conversar en profundidad con la persona más significativa, llegamos tarde a los amaneceres y a los crepúsculos, cerramos rápido el periódico saturado de crímenes y de noticias de dolorosos enfrentamientos, nos sentimos secos, fantasmales, después de ver el programa frívolo de la televisión o el mensaje comercial que encontramos en el computador. Una vivencia de de..

Ce travail avance l’idée que le projet philosophique fichtéen consiste en une exploration de la notion même de philosophie dont les contours peuvent être esquissés à partir du remplacement du nom "Philosophia" par le nom Wissenschaftslehre. Cette substitution est le fruit d’une réflexion sur les conditions de possibilité non seulement de la connaissance scientifique, mais aussi du savoir philosophique en tant que tel, lequel doit être compris non comme un rapport sujet-objet, mais comme une activité autoréflexive visant à articuler une (...) vision systématique du tout. Une telle conception pose un défi au langage philosophique, en ceci qu’il ne saurait être conçu comme un langage représentatif et qu’il devient par là, selon Fichte, irréductible à un texte écrit ; face à ce défi, il est nécessaire de constamment réactiver le philosopher derrière les concepts, ce que Fichte fait, selon nous, en présentant sa philosophie dans différentes langues conceptuelles. Le constant éveil de cette activité dépend pourtant d’un travail pédagogique visant à : (i) rapprocher la langue savante de la langue quotidienne, (ii) engendrer une conscience historique et (iii) établir un espace d’apprentissage collectif. (shrink)

Es, quiza, la coleccion mas abierta que existe en cuestiones de etica, aunque se ha ocupado tambien de antropologia, estetica, ontologia, teoria del conocimiento e historia de la filosofia. El primer titulo que se publico en la coleccion fue la gran Historia de la filosofia y de la ciencia en tres volumenes de Ludovico Geymonat. A este le han seguido obras de A. J. Ayer, A. MacIntyre, Ernst Tugendhat, Antoni Domenech, Anna Estany, Agnes Heller, F. Fernandez Buey, Carlos Paris, Emilio (...) Lledo, Manuel Sacristan, John Rawls o Ludwig Wittgenstein. Victoria Camps ha dirigido, ademas, una gran Historia de la etica, en tres volumenes, en la que han colaborado los mejores especialistas espanoles. Manual al dia y de lectura agil y amena sobre valores y conceptos como el de igualdad y prioridad, fundamentales en los estudios de la filosofia de hoy. (shrink)

Paul Silva has recently argued that doxastic justification does not have a basing requirement. An important part of his argument depends on the assumption that doxastic and moral permissibility have a parallel structure. I here reply to Silva's argument by challenging this assumption. I claim that moral permissibility is an agential notion, while doxastic permissibility is not. I then briefly explore the nature of these notions and briefly consider their implications for praise and blame.

Viruses and related infectious genetic parasites are the most abundant biological agents on this planet. They invade all cellular organisms, are key agents in the generation of adaptive and innate immune systems, and drive nearly all regulatory processes within living cells.

Luis de Molina was a leading figure in the remarkable sixteenth-century revival of Scholasticism on the Iberian peninsula. Molina is best known for his innovative theory of middle knowledge. Alfred J. Freddoso's extensive introductory essay clears up common misconceptions about Molina's theory, defends it against both philosophical and theological objections, and makes it accessible to contemporary readers.

Comparing the relative sensitivity of direct and indirect measures of learning is proposed as the best way to provide evidence for unconscious learning when both conceptual and operative definitions of awareness are lacking. This approach was first proposed by Reingold & Merikle (1988) in the context of subliminal perception. In this paper, we apply it to a choice reaction time task in which the material is generated based on a probabilistic finite-state grammar (Cleeremans, 1993). We show (1) that participants progressively (...) learn about the statistical structure of the stimulus material over training with the choice reaction time task, and (2) that they can use some of this knowledge to predict the location of the next stimulus in a subsequent “generation” task. However, detailed partial correlational analyses of the correspondence between performance during the reaction time task and the statistical structure of the training material showed that large effects remained even when controlling for explicit knowledge as assessed by the generation task. Hence we conclude (1) that at least some of the knowledge expressed through reaction time performance can not be characterized as conscious, and (2) that even when associations are found at a global level of analysis, dissociations can still be obtained when more detailed analyses are conducted. Finally, we also show that participants are limited in the depth of the contingencies they can learn about, and that these limitations are shared by the Simple Recurrent Network model of Cleeremans & McClelland (1991). (shrink)

This paper studies the possible influences on Boole's logic of the writings related to the controversy over the quantification of the predicate between the philosopher William Hamilton and the mathematician Augustus De Morgan. As Boole himself testified in the introduction to his book The mathematical analysis of logic , this controversy was the external agent that stimulated him into writing up his earlier thoughts about a new conception of logic. But in addition to the external role that was played by (...) the controversy, it seems that other kinds of influences on Boole of Hamilton's and De Morgan's ideas about logic, which were made explicit in writings related to the controversy, can also be traced. (shrink)

Este artículo examina la jurisprudencia constitucional relativa a la legitimación en la Jurisdicción de lo Contencioso-Administrativa, en general, y sobre la legitimación de las asociaciones, particularmente, haciendo hincapié en la importancia de esta cuestión para la protección de los derechos constitucionales y la protección de los intereses colectivos. El autor, recordando que la legitimación activa plazo es la capacidad de una parte para demostrar a la corte que existe una vinculación suficiente con el objeto procesal a fin de justificar su (...) participación en el caso (algo que perder, algo para ganar), las notas el papel del Tribunal Constitucional español en subrayar que la legitimación activa debe interpretarse en sentido amplio, en contraste con otra sentencia más restrictivas en la jurisprudencia administrativa. La interpretación amplia de la legitimidad está estrechamente vinculada no solo con los derechos de acceso a la justicia (especialmente intensa cuando se determina la imposibilidad de obtener una respuesta judicial inicial) y el derecho constitucional a la tutela judicial efectiva, sino también para controlar judicial efectiva y la acción firme de la Administración con arreglo a Derecho por los tribunales, lo que permite combatir las prácticas corruptas y los casos de abuso del poder público. En resumen, la interpretación amplia de legitimación es la mejor solución contra los conceptos anticuados que impiden el acceso a la justicia. (shrink)

The main aims of this paper are two: first, to show that the current situation of History of Logic is far from being satisfactory, and second, to put forward a programme for its improvement. To this end it is as well, I think, to take into account a new conceptual and historiographical approach to growth of Iogic as a discipline, some basic notions in this regard -e.g., the notion of being a contribution to develop ment of Iogic-, and some others (...) compIementary aspects, commonly neglected by the History of Logic scholars. (shrink)

Jackson and Jackson (1995) argue that most current tests used to assess awareness of sequential material are flawed because of their emphasis on accuracy. They propose to distinguish two forms of sequence knowledge: Serial knowledge, that is, knowledge about the specific sequence that stimuli follow, which involves information about the statistical relationship between many sequence elements, and statistical knowledge, or knowledge about the probability of different transitions between adjacent sequence elements. Further, they suggest a new method to analyze generation performance, (...) which involves considering the correlation between subjects' responses and the distribution of transition probabilities, regardless of the accuracy of generation performance. In this comment, we first suggest that the distinction between serial and statistical knowledge is unwarranted except in one case which is not addressed by Jackson and Jackson. We propose instead that all sequence knowledge is essentially statistical in nature. Second, we suggest that using probabilistic instead of deterministic sequences is a better way to approach the assessment of explicit knowledge, and illustrate this contention with empirical and simulated examples based on previous and current research (Cleeremans, 1993; Cleeremans and McClelland, 1991; Jimenez, Mendez and Cleeremans. (shrink)

Este trabajo es una reseña-ensayo de Ethics of Global Development, Agency, Capacity and Deliberative Democracy, libro en el que David Crocker expone toda su larga dedicación a los problemas éticos del desarrollo internacional. Después de enumerar las ideas básicas de la obra, hacemos algunas observaciones acerca de los fundamentos del enfoque de capacidad, así como la conexión entre este enfoque y el de las necesidades básicas. En particular, se señalan algunos problemas que surgen de la formulación abstracta de algunos principios (...) éticos importantes. (shrink)

To most of us – believers and non-believers alike – the possibility of a perfect God co-existing with the kinds of evil that we see calls out for explanation. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the belief that God must have justifying reasons for allowing all the evil that we see has been a perennial feature of theistic thought. Recently, however, a growing number of authors have argued that the existence of a perfect God is compatible with the existence of gratuitous (...) evil. Given powerful, millenia-long sensibilities about power and love and justice, it isn’t hard to find that suggestion simply incredible. Nonetheless, in this paper I will argue that the most prominent theistic alternatives to what has seemed incredible to most of us throughout most of history are themselves patently unacceptable for the theist as well. On any of the most widely accepted accounts of how God could have justifying reasons for permitting some evils, God’s existence means that we have justifying reasons for perpetrating and allowing every evil that we see. That's hard to swallow too. If I’m right about all of this, then two competing outcomes seem to present themselves as a possible result. On the one hand, for the theist, the apparently outrageous suggestion that the existence of a perfect God is compatible with gratuitous evil no longer looks like it faces a formidable, hard-to-resist alternative. On the other hand, some like me might think that my arguments go no distance at all towards dispelling the incredibility of the gratuitous evil nouvelle vague. On this line, theism may seem now to be between the rock and the hard place: it seems hard to make sense of the existence of a perfect God whether or not He has justifying reasons for allowing all the evil that we see. (shrink)

Knowledge representation (KR) is actually more than representation: It involves also inference, namely inference of “new” knowledge, i.e. new facts. Logic programming is a suitable KR medium, but more often than not discussions on this programming paradigm focus on aspects other than KR. In this paper, I elaborate on the general theory of logic programming and give the essentials of two of its main implementations, to wit, Prolog and Datalog, from the viewpoint of deductive computing over knowledge bases, which includes (...) deductive programming. (shrink)

¿Qué es la experiencia? ¿Cómo se constituye? Una aproximación común a estas preguntas supone que el entendimiento es un epifenómeno que emerge de la percepción sensorial. Luis Miguel Isava retoma estas interrogantes y desarrolla una propuesta muy distinta: la experiencia no se produce a partir del percibir, entendido como acto originario y no mediado, sino que tiene lugar a partir de ciertas condiciones de posibilidad de tipo formal. Para Isava este requisito funciona efectivamente como un protocolo: se trata de (...) un sistema de criterios formales que efectivamente organizan y le otorgan sentido a lo percibido y así lo «sancionan» como experiencia. Los protocolos que hacen posible la experiencia están arraigados tan profundamente en la cultura que pueden resultarnos invisibles y «naturales», pero en realidad son cambiantes. Distintas culturas, en distintos momentos históricos, fundan cada una sus experiencias en base a protocolos diferentes. Esto puede resultar evidente al momento de considerar los procesos de encuentro entre culturas disímiles que han ocurrido a lo largo de la historia. Sin embargo, Isava se enfoca en un problema menos obvio y más sugerente: ¿qué ocurre cuando en el seno de una misma cultura aparecen objetos que, bajo los protocolos vigentes, no pueden ser asimilables como experiencia? Esta posibilidad, nos muestra Isava, podemos hallarla en el arte, o más exactamente, en lo que él denomina los "artefactos culturales" de la modernidad. A partir de ejemplos concretos tomados de la poesía, la pintura, el cine y la música, Isava muestra cómo el arte puede suscitar momentos extraños, reflexivos o críticos que, al enfrentarse con los protocolos de la experiencia ya establecidos, pueden suscitar nuevas formas de estar en el mundo. (shrink)

Why should we avoid incoherence? An influential view tells us that incoherent combinations of attitudes are such that it is impossible for all of those attitudes to be simultaneously vindicated by the evidence. But it is not clear whether this view successfully explains what is wrong with certain akratic doxastic states. In this paper I flesh out an alternative response to that question, one according to which the problem with incoherent combinations of attitudes is that it is impossible for all (...) of those attitudes to be simultaneously knowledgeable. This alternative response explains what is wrong with akratic combinations of attitudes using commonly accepted epistemological theses. The paper still shows how this proposal is able to explain the badness of incoherent combinations involving the absence of attitudes, suspended judgment and credence. These explanations deploy the notions of knowledge and being in a position to know, instead of the notion of responding properly to the evidence. Finally, I suggest that this picture can be generalized to the realm of practical rationality as well. (shrink)

¿Qué es esa sensación muy típica, muy marcada e inconfundible de "lo bello" ¿A qué se debe? ¿Es la belleza un puro fenómeno subjetivo, o es una cualidad de lo real en cuanto tal? Y esto -si así fuera- ¿se produce como impronta de lo trascendente en lo inmanente? Estas son, entre otras, las cuestiones que el autor se plantea e intenta resolver del modo más completo posible en este estudio, tratando de abarcar todos los factores, niveles y dimensiones diferentes (...) que juegan un papel importante en la vivencia estética y en la creatividad artística. (shrink)

This article performs —in the first instance— a criticism to thinking and the fragmentation of human reality, grounded on the excess of rationality as the outcome of modern science reduction, which endeavors to abandon original thinking and limits human sense to concepts. Second, it presents the phenomenology and the mystical turn envisioned by French phenomenology, as a resignification possibility of the philosophical reflection —as a human happening—, evading the modern pretension of acquiring the structure of a scientific activity by means (...) of its formal logic. Third and lastly, from a reading of Jean-Luc Marion in Fenomenología de la donación, this paper proposes the reassessment of humanism or a posthumanism from love. (shrink)

Cualquier acción, necesidad de obtención de datos, estrategia u objetivo relacionados con los que los ciudadanos opinan, desean y demandan, debe comenzar por el conocimiento y análisis de la realidad social en la que todo eso se pretenda llevara a cabo. Para ello no basta un conocimiento meramente aproximativo, por ensayo y error, a golpes de intuición, experiencias subjetivas, observación vulgar, o simple suma de opiniones. Bien lo saben los responsables de marketing de las empresas, para quienes los estudios de (...) mercado constituyen una herramienta imprescindible. (shrink)

Análisis historiográfico del relato de las vicisitudes del alfaquí T.a-lu-t, elaborado por Ibn al-Qu-t.iyya y reproducido por numerosas fuentes andalusíes y orientales. De dicho análisis se desprende que la supuesta versión amplia de la crónica de Ibn al-Qu-t.iyya nunca existió y que la coincidencia entre varias obras en presentar una versión extensa del relato es debida a su común dependencia de un subarquetipo que amplificó retóricamente el texto original de Ibn al- Qu-t.iyya.

El Gobierno de España y el Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF) firmaron en 1971 un Proyecto de colaboración con el objetivo de mejorar el nivel de la investigación agraria mediante tres estrategias fundamentales: a) reestructuración del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA) para crear Centros especializados por cultivos con ámbito de actuación nacional, b) cambio en la planificación y gestión de la investigación mediante la creación de Programas Nacionales por cultivos y c) formación de 200 investigadores en laboratorios (...) internacionales de prestigio en temas prioritarios para las investigaciones a realizar en los Centros. El presupuesto global del Proyecto fue de 28,2 millones de dólares (equivalentes a unos 204 millones de euros actuales), de los que el BIRF aportó 12,7 millones de dólares en forma de crédito. El proyecto cumplió todos los objetivos fundamentales previstos y provocó un cambio importante en la calidad y orientación de la investigación agraria española, que ha tenido una elevada repercusión científica y socioeconómica, especialmente debido al programa de formación, ya que los otros logros se diluyeron como consecuencia de las transferencias del INIA a las Comunidades Autónomas. (shrink)

Este artículo expone los resultados de una investigación que examina el estado de abandono teórico en que se encuentra la cuestión del desarrollo, a partir de las críticas hechas desde los enfoques neoliberal y ecologista. Aborda luego el análisis de la actual crisis del desarrollo en el mundo, para poner luego en discusión las distintas respuestas y propuestas que se han planteado frente a la crisis del desarrollo y los problemas que genera: el "dejar hacer al mercado", la tesis del (...) "crecimiento cero", el control demográfico, el concepto del desarrollo sustentable, etc., evidenciando sus respectivos aportes y sus insuficiencias. Redefine finalmente el concepto de desarrollo entendiéndolo como transformación y perfeccionamiento de la economía en el tiempo, y aborda la posibilidad de desplegar en el futuro la economía de solidaridad. (shrink)